WORLD JOURNAL OF ADVANCE
HEALTHCARE RESEARCH

Rafal Qasim Al-Azzawi, Tabark Hussein Al-Khafaji, Rahma Hamed Al-Darb, Thikra Ali Allwsh*

ABSTRACT

Background: Neurological disorders are a major global health burden characterized by progressive neuronal dysfunction driven by complex molecular mechanisms, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and protein aggregation. Objective: This review summarizes molecular mechanisms and highlights biomarkers to provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms underlying neurological disorders and highlight the role of emerging biomarkers such as Klotho in disease progression and therapeutic targeting. Methods: A narrative review was conducted based on recent literature from peer-reviewed journals indexed in Scopus and Web of Science, focusing on neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. Results: Evidence suggests that neuroinflammation plays a central role in disease pathogenesis, interacting with oxidative stress and protein misfolding pathways. Biomarkers such as Klotho demonstrate strong potential for early diagnosis and monitoring. Emerging therapies including immunotherapy, gene therapy, and precision medicine show promising results. Conclusion: Neuroinflammation interacts with oxidative stress and protein misfolding. Biomarkers show diagnostic potential. Understanding the interplay between inflammation, biomarkers, and neurodegeneration is essential for developing effective therapeutic strategies. Understanding these pathways is critical for developing therapies. Future research should focus on early detection and personalized medicine approaches.

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