WORLD JOURNAL OF ADVANCE
HEALTHCARE RESEARCH

*Dr. Aaid Abed Ibrahim, Dr. Ahmad Mohammed Maree, Dr. Saud Hussein Mousa

ABSTRACT

Background: Renal stone disease is very common in Iraq due to the hot environment, dehydration, eating habits, and recurring urinary tract infections. Stone recurrence imposes a significant clinical and economic impact. Identifying modifiable risk factors is critical for reducing recurrence and improving patient outcomes. Objectives: Is to investigate clinical, metabolic, and lifestyle risk factors for recurrent kidney stone development among a sample of Iraqi patients. Methods: The study is case control retrospective study done at Al Salam and Al Bahthi Teaching Hospitals in Mosul, Iraq from the 1st of June 2024 to the end of November 2025. The questionnaire includes five parts, part one for sociodemographic information. The second part for relevant medical history including previous urinary tract infection, diabetes, hypertension, gout. Anthropometric information was covered in part three. While, lifestyle and environmental factors such as low daily water intake, high ambient temperature exposure, high salt, high animal protein consumption and taking plenty of soft drink were covered in part four. Lastly, stone composition was covered by part five. Results: The study includes 150 patients, 50 patients with recurrent stones (cases) and 100 patients with primary stone (controls). The mean age ± standard deviation of the study patients was 33.82 ± 11.71 years. Males represent 89 (59.33%) of the study patients and females represent 61 (40.67%) of the study patients, with male to female ratio equal to 1.45:1.Risky association and statistically significant difference found for male gender (odds ratio = 1.525), those aged 18-25 (odds ratio = 2.647), aged 26-35 (odds ratio = 2.275), family history of same condition (odds ratio = 16.128). Moreover, risky association and statistically significant difference found for recurrent urinary tract infection (odds ratio = 10.919), hypertension (odds ratio = 10.126), gout (odds ratio = 2.219). Additionally, risky association and statistically significant difference found for overweight (odds ratio = 2.092) and obesity (odds ratio = 5.733). Furthermore, risky association and statistically significant difference found for low daily water intake (odds ratio = 3.994), high ambient temperature exposure (odds ratio = 2.051), high animal protein consumption (odds ratio = 1.826), high salt intake (odds ratio = 2.196) and taking plenty of soft drink (odds ratio = 8.680). Lastly, Risky association and statistically significant difference found for calcium oxalate (odds ratio = 1.859), calcium phosphate (odds ratio = 1.211), cystine (odds ratio = 1.531). Conclusion: The study revealed that many factors can cause recurrent renal stones. Identification of these factors is mandatory for preventing the stone recurrence and management.