WORLD JOURNAL OF ADVANCE
HEALTHCARE RESEARCH

*Abduladheem Atiyah Ali and Frdoos Hameed Abow

ABSTRACT

Background: Renal stone is common health problem in both developed and developing country; imbalance in the urinary composition of the inhibitor activity against crystal formation is usually noticed in patient with renal stone. It is well known that kidney stones have a marked tendency to recur, with rates in some retrospective studies as high as 50% within 10 years of the first stone episode. However, these rates may be an overestimate since patients without new stones rarely return for visits and are often lost to follow up. Although subsequent prospective study provided more reassuring figures, it remains difficult to establish which patients are likely to have a recurrent stone. Aim: To evaluate the biomarkers for the stone formation. Materials and Methods: This is a cross sectional study of 100 patient who had kidney stone, the study lasted for one year from 15/1l/2021-15/1/2022.The patient were divided into 2 groups one had renal stone for the first time (n=48). The other group had repeated renal stone (n=25), biochemical examination of urine (24 hours collection) (including specific biomarker for nephrolithiasis). Age, gender, residence, family history, type of food, vegetable intake, soft drink intake, sufficient water intake, and history of recurrent UTI are included in this study. This study was done in Al- Sharq Al-Ausad lab. Mosul-Iraq, the patient who had renal stone attending the lab for biochemical analysis of renal stone after they either passed it after medical treatment or surgical removal. Results: The mean age of the sample is 27.98±16.97 years. Males are 75.0% and females are 25.0%. Mean age of group 1 (16.6±14.3) is significantly (p=0.000) lower than that of group 2 (39.4 ±10.7). Males’ gender is more frequent than females in both groups, but the difference is a statistically not significant. The stone formation in both groups is higher among urban than rural but statistically has non-significant difference. The family history presents in 41.7% of group1 and 84.6% of group 2 with a statistically significant difference (p=0.000). No significant statistical difference between the study groups regarding type of food, vegetable intake, and soft drink intake. Drinking sufficient water occurs in 66.7% of group1 and 25.0% in group 2, the difference is statistically significant, while insufficient water intake occurs in 8.3% of group 1 in comparison to 75.0% of group 2 and the difference also statistically significant. Recurrent infection and drug intake shows no significant difference. All the biomarkers are significantly higher in group 2 in comparison to that of group1with the exception of the Citric acid which is higher in group 1. Conclusion: Testing and analysis of stone composition and biochemical evaluations reveal the role of calcium, uric acid, oxalate, citrate, sodium and calcium in the stone formation in addition to the sufficient water intake and positive family history.

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